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The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers
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Showing 341 to 350 of 350 (0.027 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"gifts"" "subject:"lifts""
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Des hiérarchies internationales fondées sur des dettes de gratitude : les cas de Cuba-États-Unis (1898-1902) et Cuba-URSS (1959-1963)Ricardo, Rainer 04 1900 (has links)
Cette thèse postule qu’il est plus heuristique pour les Relations internationales (RI) de conceptualiser les relations patron-client interétatiques comme des hiérarchies internationales fondées sur des dettes de gratitude. Elle soutient plus précisément que les théoriciens des RI peuvent attester de la présence d’une hiérarchie patron-client lorsque trois conditions sont remplies. D’abord, une dette de gratitude, contractée par l’État subalterne, doit exister au sein de la relation bilatérale. Ensuite, la puissance patronale doit faire appel à ladite dette de gratitude pour exercer de l’autorité politique sur l’État subalterne. Finalement, ce dernier doit se subordonner à l’autorité politique de la puissance patronale en guise de gratitude pour un quelconque bénéfice reçu au cours de la relation bilatérale. Plus précisément, cette thèse soutient que l’émotion de gratitude est la force impérative qui, derrière l’échange de bénéfices internationaux, légitime, d’une part, l’autorité politique exercée par la puissance patronale et, d’autre part, oblige l’État subalterne à offrir sa subordination en guise de contredon international. Les cas de Cuba-États-Unis (1898-1902) et de Cuba-URSS (1959-1963) sont utilisés pour illustrer la validité heuristique de cette proposition théorique. Ce faisant, nous invitons les théoriciens des RI à dépasser le modèle patron-client (MPC) au profit d’une conceptualisation des relations patron-client qui insère la recherche sur le patronage interétatique au sein de deux tournants théoriques de la discipline des RI : les tournants hiérarchique et émotionnel. Cette thèse fait donc une contribution à chacun des tournants précités et établit un dialogue direct entre deux programmes de recherche qui travaillent jusqu’alors en silo. / This thesis argues that it is more heuristic for International Relations (IR) to conceptualize interstate patron-client relationships as international hierarchies built on debts of gratitude. It postulates that IR theorists can attest to the presence of a patron-client hierarchy when three conditions are met. First, a debt of gratitude, incurred by the subordinate state, must exist within the bilateral relationship. Then, the patronal power must appeal to said debt of gratitude to exercise political authority. Finally, the client state must subordinate itself to the political authority of the patronal power in gratitude for any benefit received during the bilateral relationship. The emotion of gratitude is therefore the imperative force which, behind the exchange of international benefits, legitimizes, on the one hand, the political authority exercised by the patronal power and, on the other hand, obliges the client state to offer its subordination as an international gift. The cases of Cuba-USA (1898-1902) and Cuba-USSR (1959-1963) are used to show the value of this theoretical proposition. In doing so, this thesis invites IR theorists to go beyond the patron-client model (PCM) and to favor a conceptualization that inserts research on interstate patronage within two theoretical turns in IR: the hierarchical and emotional turns. It not only contributes to each of the above-mentioned theoretical turns, but also establishes a direct dialogue between two research programs that have hitherto worked in silos.
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Perspective vol. 21 no. 5 (Oct 1987)Pitt, Clifford C., Dekker, Gwendolyn, Kits, Harry J., Olthuis, James H., Frederick, G. Marcille 05 October 1987 (has links)
No description available.
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Perspective vol. 21 no. 5 (Oct 1987) / Perspective (Institute for Christian Studies)Pitt, Clifford C., Dekker, Gwendolyn, Kits, Harry J., Olthuis, James H., Frederick, G. Marcille 26 March 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Charismen Entdecken: Eine praktisch-theologische Untersuchung in der Evangelischen Landeskirche in Baden / Discovering Chrismata : a practical theological inquiry in the United Lutheran Church of BadenBaumert, Manfred Otto Willi 03 1900 (has links)
Summary and key words in German and English / Every church faces the challenge of procuring capable workers for the multifaceted task of ministry. For
several decades now official denominational statements and the discipline of Practical Theology have
been calling for a new understanding of giftedness in ecclesial service. As yet little fundamental research
has been done in this area. This dissertation seeks to make a contribution both empirically and
theologically. It marks the first time in the German–speaking world of Practical Theology that the issue
of how one discovers charisms is addressed academically. The specific field of research is located in the
Protestant Regional Church of Baden in southwest Germany. Nevertheless the findings can be applied
more broadly since the research is based on thorough exegetical and systematic–theological analysis and
has been verified empirically.
There has been a quest for the charisms of the Spirit since the beginning of the twentieth century and
even more so now in the face of the societal challenges of postmodernity. In the discussion of the
different theological positionens arise as result that charisms have to be seen with an triune approach. In
addtion, besindes the fact that charisms have a habitual meaning, they first of all have a relational
dimension. The empirical research involved online–interviewings of pastors, plus interviews of church
members. One of the major findings was that the views of pastors on how church members receive gifts
is determined by their theological understanding of the charisms. Pastors discover gifts, not according to
Pauline criteria, but largely according to emotional aspects, as proved by this research. It became
apparent that protestant pastors are of the opinion that New Testament charisms are not first received at
baptism, but already at birth. Another interesting finding is that members of both protestant main stream
churches and pentacostal-charismatic churches hold the same believes about how to receive charisms.
The only difference is their repertoire of gifts. This dissertation focuses on developing guidelines for the
discovery of charisms within the congregation as the local body of the Church. / Fähige Mitarbeiter für eine vielgestaltige Gemeindearbeit zu finden, ist in jeder Kirche eine bleibende
Aufgabe und Herausforderung. Seit einigen Jahrzehnten wird in kirchlichen Verlautbarungen und in der Praktischen Theologie verstärkt das Konzept einer gabenorientierten Mitarbeit betont. Dieses Feld ist
noch wenig grundsätzlich erforscht. Die vorliegende Arbeit greift empirisch und theologisch in die aktuelle Diskussion ein. Innerhalb der Praktischen Theologie im deutschsprachigen Raum liegt mit ihr zum ersten Mal eine wissenschaftliche Untersuchung zur Frage vor, wie Charismen im Forschungsfeld
der Evangelischen Landeskirche in Baden entdeckt werden. Die Ergebnisse reichen aber weit über
diesen Rahmen hinaus und können grundsätzlich gelten, weil sie auf dem Hintergrund exegetischer und
systematisch-theologischer Grundlagenarbeit in einer sorgfältigen empirischen Methodik erhoben, reflektiert und ausgewertet wurden.
Die Ausführungen zeigen, dass die Suche nach Charismen seit Beginn des 20. Jh. angesichts der
gesellschaftlichen Umbrüche im Kontext der Postmoderne zu einem großen Thema geworden ist. Aus
den theologischen Positionen erwuchs die wesentliche Einsicht, dass Charismen trinitarisch einzuordnen sind und neben dem habituellen Charismenverständnis vor allem die relationale Dimension vorliegt. Die
empirische Forschungsarbeit umfasst eine Online-Befragung von Pfarrern, ergänzend dazu wurden
Gemeindeglieder interviewt. Als eines der Hauptergebnisse stellte sich heraus, dass die Meinung der
Pfarrer, wie Gemeindeglieder Gaben empfangen, durch ihr theologisches Gabenverständnis bestimmt
wird. Wie Pfarrer Gaben entdecken, richtet sich weithin nicht nach den paulinischen Kriterien, sondern
nach emotionalen Gesichtspunkten, wie in der vorliegenden Arbeit nachgewiesen werden konnte. Wie
sich herausstellte, sind Pfarrer der Überzeugung, dass neutestamentliche Gaben nicht erst bei der Taufe empfangen werden, sondern mit der biologischen Geburt. Ein weiterer interessanter Aspekt belegt, dass
Gemeindeglieder der evangelischen Landeskirche im Vergleich zu charismatisch-pentekostalen
Gemeindegliedern Gaben nach ihren subjektiven Glaubensüberzeugungen in derselben Weise empfangen, lediglich das Gabenrepertoire unterscheidet sich. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab,
Leitlinien zum Entdecken von Charismen im Kontext der lokalen Gemeinde zu entwickeln. / Practical Theology / Thesis (D. Th. (Practical Theology))
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Charismen Entdecken: Eine praktisch-theologische Untersuchung in der Evangelischen Landeskirche in Baden / Discovering Chrismata : a practical theological inquiry in the United Lutheran Church of BadenBaumert, Manfred Otto Willi 03 1900 (has links)
Summary and key words in German and English / Every church faces the challenge of procuring capable workers for the multifaceted task of ministry. For
several decades now official denominational statements and the discipline of Practical Theology have
been calling for a new understanding of giftedness in ecclesial service. As yet little fundamental research
has been done in this area. This dissertation seeks to make a contribution both empirically and
theologically. It marks the first time in the German–speaking world of Practical Theology that the issue
of how one discovers charisms is addressed academically. The specific field of research is located in the
Protestant Regional Church of Baden in southwest Germany. Nevertheless the findings can be applied
more broadly since the research is based on thorough exegetical and systematic–theological analysis and
has been verified empirically.
There has been a quest for the charisms of the Spirit since the beginning of the twentieth century and
even more so now in the face of the societal challenges of postmodernity. In the discussion of the
different theological positionens arise as result that charisms have to be seen with an triune approach. In
addtion, besindes the fact that charisms have a habitual meaning, they first of all have a relational
dimension. The empirical research involved online–interviewings of pastors, plus interviews of church
members. One of the major findings was that the views of pastors on how church members receive gifts
is determined by their theological understanding of the charisms. Pastors discover gifts, not according to
Pauline criteria, but largely according to emotional aspects, as proved by this research. It became
apparent that protestant pastors are of the opinion that New Testament charisms are not first received at
baptism, but already at birth. Another interesting finding is that members of both protestant main stream
churches and pentacostal-charismatic churches hold the same believes about how to receive charisms.
The only difference is their repertoire of gifts. This dissertation focuses on developing guidelines for the
discovery of charisms within the congregation as the local body of the Church. / Fähige Mitarbeiter für eine vielgestaltige Gemeindearbeit zu finden, ist in jeder Kirche eine bleibende
Aufgabe und Herausforderung. Seit einigen Jahrzehnten wird in kirchlichen Verlautbarungen und in der Praktischen Theologie verstärkt das Konzept einer gabenorientierten Mitarbeit betont. Dieses Feld ist
noch wenig grundsätzlich erforscht. Die vorliegende Arbeit greift empirisch und theologisch in die aktuelle Diskussion ein. Innerhalb der Praktischen Theologie im deutschsprachigen Raum liegt mit ihr zum ersten Mal eine wissenschaftliche Untersuchung zur Frage vor, wie Charismen im Forschungsfeld
der Evangelischen Landeskirche in Baden entdeckt werden. Die Ergebnisse reichen aber weit über
diesen Rahmen hinaus und können grundsätzlich gelten, weil sie auf dem Hintergrund exegetischer und
systematisch-theologischer Grundlagenarbeit in einer sorgfältigen empirischen Methodik erhoben, reflektiert und ausgewertet wurden.
Die Ausführungen zeigen, dass die Suche nach Charismen seit Beginn des 20. Jh. angesichts der
gesellschaftlichen Umbrüche im Kontext der Postmoderne zu einem großen Thema geworden ist. Aus
den theologischen Positionen erwuchs die wesentliche Einsicht, dass Charismen trinitarisch einzuordnen sind und neben dem habituellen Charismenverständnis vor allem die relationale Dimension vorliegt. Die
empirische Forschungsarbeit umfasst eine Online-Befragung von Pfarrern, ergänzend dazu wurden
Gemeindeglieder interviewt. Als eines der Hauptergebnisse stellte sich heraus, dass die Meinung der
Pfarrer, wie Gemeindeglieder Gaben empfangen, durch ihr theologisches Gabenverständnis bestimmt
wird. Wie Pfarrer Gaben entdecken, richtet sich weithin nicht nach den paulinischen Kriterien, sondern
nach emotionalen Gesichtspunkten, wie in der vorliegenden Arbeit nachgewiesen werden konnte. Wie
sich herausstellte, sind Pfarrer der Überzeugung, dass neutestamentliche Gaben nicht erst bei der Taufe empfangen werden, sondern mit der biologischen Geburt. Ein weiterer interessanter Aspekt belegt, dass
Gemeindeglieder der evangelischen Landeskirche im Vergleich zu charismatisch-pentekostalen
Gemeindegliedern Gaben nach ihren subjektiven Glaubensüberzeugungen in derselben Weise empfangen, lediglich das Gabenrepertoire unterscheidet sich. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab,
Leitlinien zum Entdecken von Charismen im Kontext der lokalen Gemeinde zu entwickeln. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / Thesis (D. Th. (Practical Theology))
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| 346 |
Le train de vie en droit privé / Standard of living in private lawMartinez, Michaël 19 October 2016 (has links)
Locution issue du langage courant, le « train de vie » a été importée dans la sphère juridique dès la fin des années 1930 pour lutter contre la fraude fiscale. Depuis les années 1960 et surtout 2000 elle est utilisée dans toutes les branches du droit privé. Elle n’a pourtant reçu aucune définition. Partant de ce constat, la première partie de cette thèse s’intéresse au contenu juridique de la notion de train de vie. Elle y est définie comme la jouissance, à titre habituel d’une certaine quantité de biens et de services, caractérisant à la fois un niveau de vie et une habitude de vie. Il ressort de cette définition que tant les biens que les services peuvent être le support du train de vie, que cette notion s’apprécie en jouissance et non en propriété et qu’une condition de durée doit être remplie. La seconde partie de cette thèse s’intéresse aux effets qui sont attachés au train de vie. Il est toujours utilisé en tant que point de référence mais n’est pas toujours invoqué par la même personne. Ainsi, le train de vie peut être soit opposé à son bénéficiaire par un tiers, soit opposé par son bénéficiaire à un tiers. Dans le premier cas, il est un point de référence permettant d’identifier une disproportion, à laquelle sont attachées des conséquences juridiques néfastes pour le bénéficiaire du train de vie. Dans le second cas, il sert de point de référence pour apprécier et traiter une situation de rupture patrimoniale. Caractérisant une situation économique habituelle, le train de vie est doté d’une certaine inertie,qui nécessite qu’il ne soit pas arrêté brutalement. Il est alors de nature à conférer des droits à son bénéficiaire. / An expression usually found in everyday language, the « train de vie », or standard of living, wasbrought into the legal sphere as early as the late 1930’s in a bid to fight fiscal fraud. Since the 1960’s, and evenmore so since the 2000’s, it is found in all branches of private law. It has, however, never been defined.Therefore, the first part of this thesis looks into the legal content of the idea of « train de vie ». It is definedhere as the enjoyment of a certain quantity of goods and services that has come to be the habitual, markingboth a standard of living and a life habit. This definition of the expression leads to the conclusion that as goodsand services can support of the « train de vie », this is a notion that is to be assessed in enjoyment and not inpropriety, and that a condition of length of time is to be fulfilled. The second part of this thesis focuses on theeffects attached to the « train de vie ». It is still used as a reference point but not always invoked by the sameperson. Therefore, the “train de vie” can either be set against it’s beneficiary by a third party, or by it’sbeneficiary against a third party. In the first case, it becomes a point of reference allowing to identify a lack ofproportion, unto which are attached legal consequences unfavorable to the beneficiary of the « train de vie ».In the second case, it serves as a point of reference to asses and deal with a situation of a patrimonial break.Charaterizing a habitual economic situation, le “train de vie” is endowed with a measure of inertia, whichrequires that it not by stopped suddenly. It is thusfore of a nature to create rights for it’s beneficiary.
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Die uitbeelding van semitiese handelaars en oogverf in die Beni Hasan muurskilderyZeelie, Hester Sophia Jacoba 02 1900 (has links)
Summaries in Afrikaans and English. / Hierdie studie fokus op ‘n interpretasie van die Beni Hasanmuurskildery en meegaande inskripsie wat in Graf BH3 in Egipte ontdek is. Die skildery dateer uit ongeveer 1892 v.C. en kom voor in die graftombe van die provinsiale goewerneur van die Oryxprovinsie – Khnum-hotep II. Met die muurskildery en inskripsie deur die koninklike hofskrywer Neferhotep as vertrekpunt en teoretiese raamwerk, word daar ‘n kwalitatiewe ondersoek gedoen na die herkoms, identiteit en rol van die handelaars en ander items, veral oogverf, wat in die skildery uitgebeeld word. Benewens die interpretasie van die Beni Hasanmuurskildery, steun die studie ook op beskikbare inligting in eietydse teologiese- en argeologiese publikasies.
Deur ‘n multi-dissiplinêre benadering te volg, word daar gepoog om meer inligting te bekom oor die geografiese ligging en argitektuur van Graf BH3, die belangrikheid van graf-outobiografie, die identiteit van die handelaars en die doel van hulle besoek. Dit blyk dat die muurskildery ‘n belangrike gebeurtenis in Egipte en die Semitiese wêreld van die pre-monargale tydperk uitbeeld, en meer spesifiek die tyd en konteks waarin verhale van die sogenaamde ‘aartsvaders’, soos hulle in die Hebreeuse Bybel beskryf word, afgespeel het. Aangesien daar ‘n gebrek aan argeologiese en geskrewe (Bybelse en buite-Bybelse) bronne oor die proto-Israelitiese samelewing bestaan, hoop die studie om ‘n bydrae te lewer tot navorsing oor die tydperk, en veral die verhouding tussen die Semiete en Egiptenare.
Spesiale aandag word gegee aan die uiterlike voorkoms van die handelaars en goewerneur, en aan die aard en funksie van elke gebruiksartikel wat in die skildery uitgebeeld word, soos die kleredrag, donkies, wapens en musiek-instrumente. Omdat daar in die inskripsie spesifiek melding gemaak word van oogverf, word die belangrikheid van oogverf ten opsigte van magies-religieuse, kultiese, mediese, begrafnis-, ekonomiese (handels-) en kosmetiese gebruike, asook die vervaardiging en samestelling daarvan, breedvoerig ondersoek / This study focuses on an interpretation of the Beni Hasan mural and accompanying inscription discovered in Tomb BH3 in Egypt. The painting dates back to about 1892 BC and is found in the tomb of the provincial governor of the Oryx province - Khnum-hotep II. With the mural and inscription by the royal court writer Neferhotep as point of departure and theoretical framework, a qualitative inquiry is made into the provenance, identity and role of the merchants and other items, especially eye painting, depicted in the painting. In addition to interpreting the Beni Hasan mural, the study also relies on available information in contemporary theological and archaeological publications.
By following a multi-disciplinary approach, an attempt is made to obtain more information about the geographical location and architecture of Tomb BH3, the importance of tomb autobiography, the identity of the merchants and the purpose of their visit. It appears that the mural depicts an important event in Egypt and the Semitic world of the pre-monarchic period, and more specifically the time and context in which stories of the so-called 'patriarchs', as described in the Hebrew Bible, played. As there is a lack of archaeological and written (biblical and extra-biblical) sources on proto-Israelite society, the study hopes to contribute to research on the period, and especially the relationship between the Semites and Egyptians.
Special attention is paid to the external appearance of the merchants and the governor, and to the nature and function of each commodity depicted in the painting, such as the dress, donkeys, weapons and musical instruments. Because the inscription specifically mentions eye makeup, the importance of eye makeup with regard to magical-religious, cultural, medical, economic (trade) and cosmetic uses, as well as the manufacture and composition thereof, is extensively investigated. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D. Th. (Godsdienswetenskap)
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Truly Equal? An Analysis of Whether Canada’s Political Finance System Fulfills the Egalitarian ModelConacher, Duff 01 June 2023 (has links)
This thesis is an examination of whether the “egalitarian model” for political finance that has been established by the Supreme Court of Canada, other Canadian courts and legal scholars and commentators is actually egalitarian and has been applied consistently (in Chapter 2), and whether Canada’s political finance system measures up to the Court’s model (in Chapters 3 and 4), and how it could be changed to comply with a more egalitarian model that would also be ethical in terms of preventing even the appearance of a conflict of interest (in Chapters 6 and 7). Chapter 1 sets out a general theoretical framework for evaluating the Supreme Court’s egalitarian model, and I develop and set out a more egalitarian model in Chapter 5. In the Chapter 8 conclusion, I summarize the findings and propose structural and positive Charter rights court cases as a way forward, given that the platforms federal politicians and political parties from the past few elections, and the reports of parliamentary committees, have not called for the most of the changes I propose are needed to make the system more egalitarian.
The thesis addresses political finance broadly defined as money, property, use of property, gifts, services, favours and other benefits and advantages provided to nomination contestants, election candidates and political party leadership contestants, electoral district associations, political parties, politicians and their staff during election campaign periods and also during the time period between elections, including support provided by “third-party” interest groups, lobbyists and other individuals, and by media outlets. In Chapter 3, I examine the rules that apply to each of these political actors in the areas of registration, donations and loans, spending, public subsidies and disclosure (including auditing), including a separate section on the role of media and social media.
Given that political systems include providers (whether as contractors or donors) of money, property and the use of property (including gifts and other benefits and advantages), and services (including favours) to politicians, and given that providers could be lobbyists, I also examine in Chapter 4 the rules concerning gifts, favours and other benefits and relations between voters, lobbyists and politicians, and concerning the conflicts of interest that can be caused by these activities.
Other than disclosure and auditing, I do not cover enforcement measures or systems in any of the areas. However, I do note at various points in the thesis that, as several studies and history have shown clearly, effective enforcement measures, policies and practices are key to ensure compliance with such rules.
The main contentions that I make are: that the key principles of the Supreme Court of Canada’s egalitarian model have not been consistently upheld by the Court and other Canadian courts, that Canada’ federal political finance system does not fulfill the Court’s egalitarian model, and that several changes are needed to make the model and the system more egalitarian, only a few of which have been addressed by Canadian courts and scholars to date. These contentions counter the claim made in the Court’s rulings, and by many scholars and commentators, that Canada’s political finance system has developed and is based on an egalitarian model.
In Chapters 5 through 7, I develop a more egalitarian model and set out specific proposed changes to make Canada’s systems more egalitarian, both in theory and in practice, within the framework of a democratic good government political system (meaning a system with separation of powers, elections, human rights protections, rule of law etc.) and a mixed market economy with both public sector institutions and private sector businesses, unions and other organizations (cooperatives, non-profit, religious organizations etc.). Both the model and many of the specific proposed measures should also be applicable in other jurisdictions with different political systems and economic systems.
The framework of 19 standards for a more egalitarian model that I develop in Chapter 5 is based mainly on John Rawls’ theory of justice, but modified and expanded to incorporate critiques of Rawls’ theory, other legal principles and democratic good government theories, international standards, government ethics case law, behavioural psychology studies, and evidence of the public’s expectations.
The 201 proposals I make in Chapters 6 and 7 for specific changes to the rules of Canada’s current federal political finance system (again, broadly defined), are based on the model, measures from various jurisdictions in Canada and elsewhere, and international standards. I am not claiming that these changes would definitely result in “better” or more “public interest” policy-making decisions, however that would be determined. I am only contending that the framework I develop is more egalitarian than the Supreme Court’s model, and that the rule changes I suggest would make the political finance, gifts, favours, conflict of interest and lobbying systems align with the more egalitarian model I propose.
I primarily use the doctrinal research methodology by examining scholarly research and, given I also examine aspects of the laws of Canadian provinces and municipalities, and other countries, I also deploy some aspects of the comparative methodology (most fully when comparing Canada’s federal rules to Quebec’s rules, and somewhat when comparing Canada’s rules to the U.S. and U.K. rules). The research results from these sources inform the conclusions I set out in my thesis.
The thesis advances knowledge in the following areas:
1. It is the first complete evaluation of the federal Canadian political finance, gifts-favours-benefits, conflict of interest and lobbying rules and systems in their current state as of May 2023, based on the findings of extensive new research into key parts of these systems;
2. It sets out the first comprehensive analysis of how the Supreme Court of Canada’s egalitarian model has been applied by the Court and other courts inconsistently, in ways that do not comply with the model;
3. It sets out the first analysis of how Canada’s political finance statutory rules, again defined broadly to include rules that apply to donations, loans, gifts, services, favours and other benefits, lobbying and conflicts of interest, do not comply with the Supreme Court’s egalitarian model, based in part on new statistical research set out in 28 charts, and;
4. It sets out a new theoretical framework based on 19 standards, and a comprehensive set of 201 innovative proposals for changes to make Canada’s political finance rules (again defined broadly) more egalitarian, and more ethical in terms of preventing conflicts of interest. Five comprehensive studies of key parts of the political finance, ethics and lobbying systems are also proposed to gather key information needed to inform the design of some of the 201 proposed changes. Eight structural and positive Charter rights cases are also proposed to challenge current rules that do not comply with the egalitarian model.
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Doing Good While Being Good : A study of the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and the Swedish Companies ActDjäken, Johan January 2016 (has links)
This thesis investigates the current interrelationship between the provisions contained in the Swedish Company Act (2005:551) and activities related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) pursued by companies listed at Nasdaq Stockholm. The focal point of this thesis could be argued to be of particular relevance in this day and age, as companies listed at Nasdaq Stockholm continue to perform at the top of the league in global sustainability performance measurements, and Swedish and European legislators have intensified their efforts to encourage businesses to operate in a way that does not incur unacceptable social costs to society. Thus, most companies, particularly those with a vested interest in the private consumer market, seem to recognise the importance of fostering long-term relationships with a wide sphere of stakeholders. The purpose of the thesis has been to contribute to the steadily increasing body of legal research that discusses to what extent Swedish companies, without breaching corporate law, could involve themselves in CSR investments. Since I, initially, conclude that Swedish publicly listed companies seem to increasingly invest in activities related to CSR, the thesis also discusses whether the relevant provisions of the SCA need to change to better adapt to companies’ involvement in CSR activities. In brief, I argue, that current business research on CSR coupled with the aforementioned relevant provisions of the SCA allow boards and managing directors to pursue practically any CSR investments, and that shareholders are mostly restricted to rely on relatively blunt ex post actions against a board and/or managing director that has pursued an ill-considered CSR investment, including the obvious choices of voting to replace the board or selling their shares. And since current business research has not consistently proven the positive impact of CSR policies on the financial performance of businesses there are reasons to suspect that the law practically, due to the shielding force of the business judgment rationale and the legislator’s wish to protect most transactions, cannot be effectively applied to stop CSR investments, even if these are nothing but costs for the business. On the other hand, the findings of the thesis also suggest that the occurrence of such unwise CSR investments is not necessarily a proliferating problem, since many companies listed at Nasdaq Stockholm nowadays have powerful and short-sighted institutional owners. The situation might therefore very well be the opposite and that executives struggle to manage for the long-term, as the logic of the market tell them to do otherwise. / Den här examensuppsatsen utforskar förhållandet mellan några av aktiebolagslagens regler och det engagemang som bolag noterade på Nasdaq Stockholm uppvisar i frågor rörande Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Ämnet kan sägas vara särskilt relevant då såväl det samtida näringslivet som lagstiftaren tycks präglas av en ökad medvetenhet kring CSR-frågor. Den ökade medvetenheten i näringslivet förefaller alltmer inverka på affärsbeslut, ett faktum som inte minst avspeglas i de svenska bolagens topplaceringar i globala index som mäter bolags arbete med hållbarhetsfrågor. Samtidigt speglas lagstiftarens ökade medvetenhet av allt fler svenska som europeiska regulatoriska initiativ på området och vars yttersta syfte är att uppmuntra och stimulera hållbara företag som inte pådyvlar samhället oacceptabla sociala kostnader. Det är således inte särskilt anmärkningsvärt att bolagen, i synnerhet de med intressen anknutna till konsumentmarknaderna, tycks erkänna vikten av att bygga och underhålla långsiktiga relationer med en vidare krets av intressenter än deras aktieägare. Det är min förhoppning att den här uppsatsen kommer att bidra till den ständigt växande del av den aktiebolagsrättsliga diskursen som diskuterar till vilken grad bolag, utan att handla i strid med ABL:s bestämmelser, kan företa åtgärder kopplade till CSR. Eftersom jag inledningsvis anför att bolagen på Nasdaq Stockholm tycks ägna sig allt mer åt CSR diskuterar också uppsatsen om några av ABL:s bestämmelser bör förändras för att bättre hantera dessa företags allt större engagemang i CSR-frågor. Sammanfattningsvis argumenterar jag för att nuvarande företagsekonomisk forskning kring CSR tillsammans med de aktuella bestämmelsernas juridiska innebörd innebär att såväl bolagsstyrelser som verkställande direktörer kan företa i princip vilken investering relaterad till CSR som helst. Aktieägare är i praktiken hänvisade till att söka åstadkomma långsiktigt lönsamma satsningar på hållbarhet genom sanktioner ex post, exempelvis genom att sälja sina aktier eller rösta bort styrelsen. Detta innebär å ena sidan i praktiken, med tanke på att nuvarande företagsekonomisk forskning kring CSR:s inverkan på bolags vinster är tvetydig, att de relevanta bestämmelserna i ABL såsom de nu är utformade utgör en trygg hamn även för många av de transaktioner relaterade till CSR som är direkt värdeförstörande. Å andra sidan argumenterar jag i uppsatsen för att problemet med överinvesteringar i CSR inte nödvändigtvis behöver vara särskilt utbrett då bolagen och deras bolagsstyrning allt mer kommit att präglas av kortsiktiga investeringsperspektiv.
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Challenges and potentials of channeling local philanthropy towards development and aocial justice and the role of waqf (Islamic and Arab-civic endowments) in building community foundationsDaly, Marwa El 16 May 2012 (has links)
Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt. / This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.
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