Global ETD Search

211	Les travailleurs victimes de lésions professionnelles : du processus d’indemnisation aux problèmes de santé mentale Dubeau, Anouk 05 1900 (has links) L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est de mieux comprendre le rôle des différents acteurs que rencontrent des travailleurs en arrêt de travail, en raison d’un accident survenu par le fait ou à l’occasion de leur travail, sur la trajectoire et la santé mentale de ceux-ci. Dans un deuxième temps, il est important de déterminer l’effet que peut avoir le soutien social sur le niveau de détresse psychologique ressenti par ces travailleurs. Pour réaliser cette recherche, des données ont été recueillies provenant d’entretiens réalisés auprès de patients d’une polyclinique à Montréal qui étaient en arrêt de travail. Basée sur un échantillon de 12 travailleurs, l’étude réalisée a révélé que les différents acteurs ont une influence sur la trajectoire de ces travailleurs et que plusieurs facteurs du soutien social ont un impact sur le niveau de bien-être ou de détresse psychologique ressentis. En effet, le fait d’avoir un soutien émotionnel, d’estime, d’affiliation, tangible, instrumental et/ou encore informationnel, d’être intégré socialement, d’avoir l’occasion de se sentir utile et nécessaire, de pouvoir confirmer sa valeur ainsi que d’obtenir de l’aide concrète et matérielle sont des facteurs du soutien social qui agissent comme protecteur contre la détresse psychologique. À l’inverse, le fait d’être en marge du marché du travail et de ne pas avoir accès à ces différentes formes de soutien ou simplement le fait de penser que c’est le cas sont des facteurs qui font augmenter significativement le niveau de détresse psychologique. / The main objective of this master’s thesis is to better understand the role of the different actors encountered by workers in work stoppage, due to an accident which occurred because of work or while working, on their mental health and on their path. Secondly, it is important to determine the effect that social support can have on the level of psychological distress felt by these workers. In order to carry out this research, data were collected from interviews with patients of a polyclinic of Montreal who were in work stoppage. Based on a sample of 12 workers, this study revealed that different actors have an influence on the path of those workers and that multiple social support factors have an impact on the level of well-being or psychological distress of those individuals. Indeed, having emotional, material, instrumental, informational, esteem, affiliation or tangible support, being integrated socially, feeling useful and needed, being able to confirm its value and to obtain practical or material support, are all social support factors which protect against psychological distress. Conversely, being excluded from the labor market, not being able to have access to those different forms of support or even the simple fact of perceiving it as such, are all factors which significantly increase the level of psychological distress. Accident de travail Arrêt de travail Dépression Détresse psychologique Lésion professionnelle Processus d'indemnisation Santé mentale Soutien social Travail Travailleur Work accident Work stoppage Depression Psychological distress Occupational injury Compensation process Worker's claim Mental health Social support Work Workers
212	Místo a role přirozeného zákona v Sumě teologické sv. Tomáše Akvinského / Natural Law in Aquinas' Summa Theologiae: Its Place and Role Hašková, Ingrid January 2021 (has links) The work deals with the characteristics of natural law in the Sum of theological St. Thomas Aquinas, as well as what natural law is and the question of the philosophical problem of natural law. The aim of the work is to point out the place and role of natural law in the Theological Sum.At the end of the work synthesize individual chapter and subchapters and do an analythical analysis of natural law in the Theological Sum. The name of my work is the place and role of the Natural law in the Theological Sum of St. Thomas Aquinas.
213	Selected legal aspects of liability insurance Jacobs, Wenette 01 1900 (has links) Liability insurance concerns an insured’s insurance of its legal liability towards a third party for the latter’s loss. This specialised type of insurance is rather neglected in South African insurance law. There is a lack of understanding of the intricacies of liability insurance and its unique challenges. This flows primarily from its complex nature as third-party insurance, which involves legal obligations between multiple parties, and a lack of statutory regulation of the distinctive contractual aspects of liability insurance. Furthermore, limited authority exists on contentious legal aspects as a result of the relatively small number of judicial decisions in this field of law. It is also evident that liability insurance constantly evolves as new grounds of liability emerge and new insurance products develop in response to the changing demands of society. The rise of consumerism and the increase in third-party claims amplify the economic significance of the law of liability insurance in South Africa. A substantial knowledge gap remains in our jurisprudence, irrespective of the recent introduction of new statutory instruments aimed at regulating insurance practice in general. These reforms have not as yet been applied critically to liability insurance, and no specialised legislation in South Africa regulates aspects of this branch of insurance as is the case with microinsurance. The focus in this thesis is on two main issues: the insurer’s duty effectively to indemnify the insured, and the insurer’s defence and settlement of third-party claims brought against the insured. As a subsidiary theme, this thesis analyses legal uncertainties that may persist during pre-contractual negotiations, the liability insurance contract lifecycle, and even after the expiry of the contract. Legal challenges can be addressed by novel and creative application of the national law. Potential solutions can be gleaned from the other progressive jurisdictions reviewed – English and Belgian law. It is evident that this research may prompt Parliament to develop specific rules and regulations for liability insurance contract law. This thesis includes a check list of some of the most important disclosure duties for procuring liability insurance cover, its operation, and claims processes. / Mercantile Law / LL.D. Claims-made policy Duration of liability cover Disclosure Duty to indemnify Hybrid policy Indemnity insurance Insured defendant Legal liability Liability insurance Liability insurance contract Liability insured Liability insurer Right or duty to defend or settle Third-party insurance Third-party plaintiff Third-party claim Occurrence-based policy 346.865068
214	En vetenskaplig studie om kryptovaluta i ljuset av svensk sakrätt : Bitcoin – sakrättens kryptonit? / A scientific study on cryptocurrency in the light of Swedish property law : Bitcoin - the kryptonite of property law? Champari, Amir January 2023 (has links) Access to finance is often a vital tool for a company to make investments which in turn leads to increased generation of income. In 2022, the amount of lending to non-financial companies increased by around 13 %. Banks' traditional lending channels have recently been challenged by DeFi. Within DeFi, no central intermediary is used, the security provided is cryptocurrencies and the transaction history is public. The most common cryptocurrency used in DeFi is bitcoin. At the time of writing, bitcoin has a market capitalization of approximately $521 million. The use of DeFi has grown rapidly in 2022 as cryptocurrencies worth just under $110 billion were pledged in DeFi as collateral for credit. The EBA has previously warned about the risks of cryptocurrencies. Despite warnings, neither case law nor any clear legislation regarding cryptocurrencies and creditors protection has thus been created. Though, there is a proposal from EU that will create a uniform regulation for cryptocurrencies that are not currently covered by the EU's existing regulatory framework for financial services, the so-called MiCA regulation. In Swedish legislation, there is an ongoing investigation on how to handle cryptocurrencies. However, neither the proposals at EU-level nor national level deal with substantive legal aspects such as creditors protection. The purpose of the thesis is to present a proposal for what bitcoin as property is classified as according to Swedish law and to identify the most appropriate legal aspect when bitcoins are used within DeFi. Based on the purpose, the following questions arise (i) What type of property should the cryptocurrency bitcoin be legally classified as? (ii) How can creditor protection be achieved when a transaction with bitcoin is made? (iii) How can creditor protection be achieved when bitcoin is used as collateral? In this thesis, the legal dogmatic method and law analogies will be used to answer the questions. The conclusions are that bitcoin should first be seen as a financial instrument according to MiFID II and creditor protection in the case of acquired ownership of bitcoins can basically never be achieved. Creditor protection in case of retained ownership can be achieved with analogous application of RVL and using registration as an element of property rights. When bitcoin is used as collateral, creditor protection can be achieved through the property right element of registration or tradition. In the case of three-party escrow, notification of transfer of claim must be made to the person who holds the pledged property in accordance with the 1936 Pawn Law. bitcoin Bitcoin property law tradition financial instruments MiFID 2 notification of transfer of claim DeFi decentralized finance fintech MiCA blockchain rights in rem creditor protection bitcoin Bitcoin sakrätt tradition finansiella instrument MiFID 2 denuntiation DeFi decentraliserad finansiering fintech MiCA blockkedja borgenärsskydd Law Juridik Law and Society Juridik och samhälle
215	Les dates de naissance des créances / Dates of origination of claims Noirot, Renaud 28 November 2013 (has links) C’est le droit des entreprises en difficulté qui a permis de mettre en évidence la complexité que pouvait revêtir la détermination de la date de naissance des créances. Or, celle-ci apparaît fondamentale en droit privé. Constituant le critère d’application de certains mécanismes juridiques, elle incarne l’existence de la créance et représente dès lors un enjeu pour toute règle de droit ayant celle-ci pour objet ou pour condition. Deux courants doctrinaux s’opposent, la thèse classique fixe la date de naissance au stade de la formation du contrat, tandis que des thèses modernes la fixent au stade de l’exécution du contrat. La thèse matérialiste, fondée sur le droit des entreprises en difficultés, fait naître la créance de prix au fur et à mesure de l’exécution de la contre-prestation. La thèse périodique, reposant sur une réflexion doctrinale quant aux contrats à exécution successive, fait renaître toutes les créances du contrat à chaque période contractuelle. L’examen des thèses moderne à l’aune des mécanismes juridique qui ne peuvent qu’incarner la véritable date de naissance de l’authentique créance aboutit à leur invalidité. La thèse classique se trouve donc à nouveau consacrée. Mais la résistance que lui oppose le droit des entreprises en difficulté ne peut reposer sur la technique d’une fiction juridique, car d’autres manifestations du même phénomène peuvent être mises en évidence en dehors de ce domaine. Un changement de paradigme s’impose donc pour résoudre le hiatus. Derrière ce phénomène persistant se cache en réalité une autre vision, une autre conception de la créance, la créance économique qui vient s’articuler avec la créance juridique dans le système de droit privé pour le compléter. La dualité des dates de naissance recèle donc en son sein une dualité du concept de créance lui-même, la créance juridique classique et la créance économique. La créance économique n’est pas un droit subjectif personnel. Elle n’est pas la créance juridique. Elle n’est pas autonome de la créance juridique et ne doit pas être confondue avec une créance née d’un cas d’enrichissement sans cause. La créance économique représente la valeur produite par le contrat au fur et à mesure de l’exécution de sa prestation caractéristique. Elle permet de corriger l’application ordinaire du concept de créance juridique par en assurant la fonction de corrélation des produits et des charges d’un bien ou d’une activité. Ses domaines d’application sont divers. Outre son utilisation dans les droits comptable et fiscal, la créance économique permet la détermination de la quotité cédée dans le cadre d’une cession de contrat, la détermination du gage constitué par un patrimoine d’affectation dans le cadre de la communauté légale, de l’EIRL ou encore de la fiducie, ainsi que la détermination du passif exempté de la discipline d’une procédure collective. Dans ces domaines, ce n’est donc pas la date de naissance de la créance juridique qui s’applique, mais la date de naissance de la créance économique. La cohérence du système de droit privé se trouve donc ainsi restaurée quant à la date de naissance de la créance. / It is the laws governing companies experiencing difficulties which have revealed the complexity of determining the dates of the origination of the claims. And yet this appears to be fundamental in private law. As it constitutes the criterion for implementing certain legal mechanisms, it epitomizes the existence of the claim and hence represents a challenge for any rule of law in which the existence of this claim is a goal or condition. There are two conflicting doctrinal currents: the traditional approach sets the date of origination at the stage of the formation of the contract, while modern approaches situate it at the stage of the execution of the contract. The materialistic approach, based on the law governing companies experiencing difficulties, staggers the origination of the price debt over the period of the execution of the service. The periodical approach, which relies on a doctrinal reflection on successive execution contracts, is that of the re-origination of all the claims under the contract at each contractual period. An examination of the modern approaches, under the auspices of the legal mechanisms which can only epitomize the true date of origination of the authentic claim leads to the invalidity thereof. The traditional approach is therefore once again consecrated. But the resistance constituted by the laws governing companies in difficulty cannot rely on the technique of legal fiction, because other manifestations of the same phenomenon can be identified outside this domain. Therefore, a change of paradigm is in order if the hiatus is to be resolved. Behind this persistent phenomenon lies in fact another vision, another concept of the claim: the economic claim which, interwoven with the legal claim in the private law system, supplements it. The duality of the dates of origination therefore conceals in its bosom the duality of the very concept of a claim, the traditional legal claim and the economic claim. The economic claim is not a subjective personal right. It is not a legal claim. It is not autonomous of the legal claim and must not be confused with a claim originating in a case of unwarranted enrichment. The economic claim represents the value produced by the contract as the service which characterizes it is provided. It permits the rectification of the ordinary application of the concept of legal claim by ensuring the function of correlating the proceeds with the costs of a commodity or an activity. Its domains of application are varied. In addition to its use in accounting and fiscal law, the economic claim permits the determination of the portion transferred in the context of the transfer of a contract, the determination of the collateral consisting in a special-purpose fund in the context of a legal joint estate, a limited liability individual contractor or a trust, as well as the determination of the liabilities which escape the discipline of collective proceedings. In these domains, it is therefore not the date of origination of the legal claim which applies, but the date of origination of the economic claim. The coherence of the private law system is therefore restored as concerns the date of the origination of the claim. Créance Dette Obligation Germe de créance Ontologie de la créance Créance acquise Créance future Terme Condition Objet Cause Paiement Contrats Prix Loyer Responsabilité Préjudice Contrat à durée indéterminée Résiliation Résolution partielle Créance à exécution successive Cession de créance Saisie de créance Cession de contrat Déclaration d’insaisissabilité Cautionnement de créance future Sûreté sur créance future Patrimoine d’affectation Communauté légale PACS Indivision Fiducie EIRL Fonds de commerce Produits Charges TVA IS Fusion Apport partiel d’actif Cession de dette Défaisance Claim Debt Obligation Bilateral contract Sale Leases Case Estate Special purpose fund Collective proceedings Enforcement Transfer of claim Privilege of the separation of estates Procedural privilege Joint ownership Joint estate Trust Declaration of immunity of assets VAT Profit Proceeds Costs Chart of accounts Corporate Tax Industrial and Commercial Profits Endorsement of future claims Obligation of coverage Obligation to pay Legal standard 657.72
216	Dispozice s investičním nárokem / Disposal with an Investment Claim Černý, Filip January 2017 (has links) Disposal with an Investment Claim JUDr. Filip Černý International investment protection is very special legal discipline which stands at the borderline between public and private, international and national (domestic) law. The intersections between these legal areas produce a vast range of questions on the applicable law and the nature of the legal institutes inherent to investment protection. The legal system of investment protection is founded on a matrix consisting of bilateral and multilateral treaties and simultaneously shares some of the customary origins inherent to diplomatic protection of foreigners. The particularity of the investment protection system is given by the existence of the diagonal relations between the host state and the investor of the other state. The combination of the public international law sources and the diagonal relations developing inside the public international law matrix induce questions on the nature of such rights and obligations arising inside of the investment protection system among its actors. Author analyses these relations with an aim to determine the nature of the investment claim as a prerequisite for a volitional disposal of the investment claim by the investor.
217	L'occupation immobilière : étude de droit privé / Estate occupancy : a private law study Pezzella, Virginie 12 December 2012 (has links) En droit privé, l’occupation s’entend, en principe, d’un mode d’acquisition originaire de la propriété des choses mobilières dépourvues de maître : c’est ainsi qu’elle a fait une entrée discrète dans le Code civil en 1804. Toutefois, depuis cette date, l’occupation a acquis une toute autre signification. Le législateur et le juge recourent aujourd’hui à cette notion pour désigner différents modes de jouissance de l’immeuble d’autrui. Il est question de conventions d’occupation précaire, d’occupation privative d’un bien indivis, d’occupant maintenu dans les lieux en suite d’un bail commercial ou d’habitation, d’occupant bénéficiaire d’une réquisition de logement, ou encore d’occupant sans droit ni titre. La notion d’occupation immobilière semble donc avoir acquis une place remarquable en droit privé. L’objet de cette étude est précisément de déterminer le rôle qu’elle tient en droit positif, dans ce domaine. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse réalise l’étude des diverses hypothèses dans lesquelles le terme « occupation » est utilisé pour désigner un fait d’emprise exercé sur l’immeuble d’autrui, que ce soit avec ou sans titre ; elle révèle également des situations officieuses d’occupation, telles que le mécanisme de la reconduction tacite applicable en matière de bail. Dans un second temps, est proposée une théorie générale de l’occupation immobilière en droit privé. L’occupation immobilière apparaît comme un fait d’emprise jouant un double rôle en droit positif : elle peut être simplement la traduction matérielle de l’exercice d’un droit d’usage préalablement reconnu à celui qui va devenir occupant, mais également l’élément permettant à ce dernier d’acquérir un tel droit ou, au moins, de le faire présumer. Reposant notamment sur diverses conditions d’efficacité, telles que la bonne foi ou l’univocité, elle présente alors un certain nombre de similitudes avec la possession, mais les deux notions ne sauraient pourtant être confondues. Au final, cette étude permet de mettre en lumière un nouveau fait créateur de droit, qui trouve sa place aux côtés de la possession et qui démontre une évolution de la propriété privée vers une « propriété pragmatique », soucieuse de s’adapter à des besoins divers, clairement reconnus par le droit positif. / In Private Law, occupancy (French “occupation”) is, in principle, understood as an original method of acquiring property of ownerless movable things: this is how it made a discreet entrance in the Civil Code in 1804. Since then, however, occupancy has acquired a whole new meaning. Today, both the legislator and the judge turn to this concept to describe different means of enjoying the property of others. It relates to precarious occupancy agreements, private occupancy of jointly owned property, tenant kept in the premises after the end of its commercial or residential lease, occupant beneficing an housing requisition, disseisor, or occupant without right or title. The notion of estate occupancy seems to have acquired a prominent position in Private Law. Hence, the purpose of this study is precisely to determine the role it holds in positive law in this area. First, this work aims at studying the various situations in which the term "occupancy” is used to designate the situation where a factual stranglehold is exercised over others’ property, whether with or without title. It also reveals informal occupancy situations, such as leases’ tacit renewal mechanism. Secondly, a general theory of occupancy in Private Law is proposed. Estate occupancy appears like a factual situation of stranglehold (“fait d’emprise”). It plays a dual role in positive law: it may simply be the substantive translation of the exercise of a right to use, previously recognized to whom will become the occupant, and, in the same time, the element allowing him to acquire such a right, or at least, assuming he does. Notably based on various effectiveness conditions, such as good faith or clarity, occupancy shows similarities with the notion of adverse possession, although in French law the two concepts should not be confused. Finally, this study shed light on a new fact giving rise to a right, which finds its place alongside the adverse possession and demonstrates an evolution from the private property to a "pragmatic property" caring to adapt to the various needs recognized by the Law. Actions possessoires Bail aménagé Bail commercial Bail de la chose d'autrui Bail d'habitation Bail rural Bail verbal Bonne foi Bonne volonté Détention Droit personnel Droit réel Equivoque Expulsion Immeuble Indivision Jouissance Logement Occupation Possession Prescription Propriété privée (évolution) Reconduction tacite Réquisition de logement Squat Usage Violence légitime Possessory claim Negociated lease Commercial lease Lease on someone else's property Residential lease Agricultural lease Oral lease Good faith Good will Ownership Personal right Property right Equivocal Eviction Real estate Joint-property Co-ownership Property enjoyment Dwelling Disseisor Occupancy Possession Adverse possession Statute of limitation Private property (evolution of) Tacit renewal Housing requisition Squat Use Legitimate violence 342
218	Barnrättsperspektiv i vårdnadsmål vid risk för separationsvåld eller så kallat ”eftervåld” : En studie om rättens avvägning mellan skydd för barn och barns rätt till en nära och god kontakt med båda föräldrarna / The children rights perspective in custody cases in case of risk of separation violence or so-called ”post-separation violence” : A study of the court's balance between protection of children and children's right to close and good contact with both parents Chavez Lupe, Lynette, Falk, Stina January 2022 (has links) It's a misconception that those who leave a violent relationship are safer than those who stay. For those who have children with their perpetrator there is an increased risk for post-separation violence (Fleury, Sullivan & Bybee, 2000). The aim of this study has been to examine the child rights perspective through how the court judges and resonates in custody disputes with information regarding violence and therefore a possible risk for post-separation violence. Data was retrieved in the form of 34 custody cases from the court of appeal. In order to fulfil the purpose of the study a multi-method investigation has been used, both a quantitative content analysis and a discourse analysis. The results showed that the parent who was mainly referred to as the perpetrator was assigned visitation rights in 64.4 % of the cases, joint custody in 46.6 % and housing in 20 %. The main result showed that the courts ruled the child’s right to close and good contact with both parents outweighs the risk of post-separation abuse, either towards the other parent or the child himself. Children should be allowed to grow up with both parents. However, one could question at what price. Separation violence post-separation violence exposed to violence exposed violence post divorce children in domestic violence post divorce parenting child rights perspective custody cases custody disputes best interest of the child the child's claim intimate partner violence IPV child affected family conflict family dispute court of appeal witnessing violence victim of violence family violence child rights children's rights custody battle post separation post-separation dispute domestic violence domestic violence after separation false allegations false allegations in custody battle parental alienation family violence separation assault involving children Separationsvåld eftervåld barnrättsperspektiv vårdnadsmål vårdnadstvister barnets bästa barnets utsaga barnperspektiv våld i nära relationer vårdnadsmål socionom socialt arbete familjerätt barnrätt diskursanalys kvantitativ innehållsanalys separation familjekonflikt barnets vilja umgängessabotage föräldraalienation samarbetssvårigheter vårdnadskonflikt barnets påverkan barnkonventionen föräldrabalken risk för eftervåld risk för seprationsvåld hovrättsdomar bevittna våld våldsutövare använda barn som redskap använda barn som verktyg falska uppgifter falska uppgifter om våld uppgifter om våld falska anklagelser vårdnadstvister falska anklagelser föräldraalienation våld i hemmet våld i nära relationer umgängesrätt gemensam vårdnad vårdnad boende umgänge våldsutsatt hovrätten föräldrarätt Social Work Socialt arbete
219	Försäkringsskydd för skadeståndsansvar vid dataskyddsöverträdelser : En undersökning av försäkringsvillkorens omfattning och eventuella begränsningar i förhållande till art. 82 GDPR och grupptalan / Insurance coverage for liability in case of data protection breaches : An investigation into the extent and potential limitations of insurance terms in relation to art. 82 GDPR and class action lawsuits Nahlbom, Robin January 2024 (has links) I uppsatsen utreds försäkringsskyddet för skadeståndsansvar vid dataskyddsöverträdelser. GDPR är den centrala regleringen för personuppgiftsbehandling och fastställer ett antal principer som måste upprätthållas för att den ansvarige ska få behandla personuppgifter. Bryter den ansvarige mot förordningens principer har den registrerade rätt att kräva skadestånd enligt art. 82.1 GDPR. Förordningen fastställer tre kumulativa krav som måste vara uppfyllda för att skadeståndsskyldighet ska föreligga. Det innefattar att en överträdelse av GDPR har skett, att materiell eller immateriell skada till följd av denna överträdelse har uppstått och att det föreligger ett orsakssamband mellan skadan och överträdelsen. Förordningen innehåller även en bestämmelse som tar över medlemsstaternas nationella skadeståndsrättsliga bestämmelser, vilket innebär att GDPR ska tillämpas enligt sin ordalydelse och att de kumulativa kraven enligt art. 82.1 GDPR måste följas. Det innebär att nationella skadeståndsrättsliga begrepp inte bör jämställas med begrepp som framgår av art. 82.1 GDPR eftersom begreppen har tillkommit i en helt annan kontext. Exempelvis översätts i vissa fall materiella och immateriella skador till ekonomiska och ideella skador. Begreppen är inte synonyma och bör inte tillställas samma betydelse eftersom terminologin i art. 82.1 GDPR kan misstolkas. Försäkringsvillkoren som reglerar skadeståndsskyldigheten för dataskyddsöverträdelser och som även hänvisar till art. 82.1 GDPR, innehåller i vissa fall nationella skadeståndsrättsliga begrepp och även andra begrepp som inte framgår av förordningen. Det kan leda till att kongruensen mellan villkorens utformning och förordningens ordalydelse medför tolkningsproblematik vid bedömning om skadeståndsskyldighet föreligger. Därför bör försäkringsvillkoren endast innehålla sådan terminologi som framgår av art. 82.1 GDPR. Dataskyddsöverträdelser medför oftast att en stor grupp människor lider skada varför förordningen tillåter registrerade att föra grupptalan med hjälp av en ideell organisation enligt art. 80 GDPR. Teoretiskt sett kan skadeståndsbeloppen bli högre än försäkringsbeloppen varför det i sådana fall saknas ett försäkringsskydd för grupptalan för den personuppgiftsansvarige. Försäkringsvillkoren anger däremot ingenting om att försäkringen inte täcker ett sådant anspråk. Därmed ställs försäkringsbolagen inför utmaningen att hantera sådana anspråk, varför försäkringen bör uppdateras för att möta skadestånd i en grupptalan vid dataskyddsöverträdelser. / The essay investigates insurance coverage for liability for damages in the event of data protection breaches. GDPR is the central regulation for the processing of personal data and establishes a number of principles that must be upheld for the data controller to process personal data. If the data controller breaches the principles of the regulation, the data subject has the right to claim damages under Art. 82.1 GDPR. The regulation sets out three cumulative requirements that must be met for liability for damages to arise. This includes that a breach of the GDPR has occurred, that material or immaterial damage as a result of this breach has arisen, and that there is a causal link between the damage and the breach. The regulation also includes a provision that supersedes the national tort law provisions of Member States, which means that the GDPR shall be applied according to its wording and that the cumulative requirements under Art. 82.1 GDPR must be followed. This means that national tort law concepts should not be equated with concepts as set out in Art. 82.1 GDPR as the concepts have arisen in a completely different context. For example, in some cases, material and immaterial damages are translated into economic and non-economic damages. The concepts are not synonymous and should not be attributed the same meaning as the terminology in Art. 82.1 GDPR can be misinterpreted. The insurance terms and conditions that regulate liability for damages in the event of data protection breaches and also refer to Art. 82.1 GDPR, in some cases contain national tort law concepts and other concepts that are not evident in the regulation. This may lead to a lack of congruence between the wording of the terms and conditions and the wording of the regulation, resulting in interpretation issues when assessing whether liability for damages exists. Therefore, the insurance terms and conditions should only contain terminology as set out in Art. 82.1 GDPR. Data protection breaches usually result in harm to a large group of people, which is why the regulation allows data subjects to bring a collective action with the assistance of a not-for-profit organization under Art. 80 GDPR. Theoretically, damages awarded may exceed insurance coverage, which means there is no insurance coverage for collective actions for the data controller in such cases. However, the insurance terms and conditions do not specify that the insurance does not cover such a claim. Therefore, insurance companies are faced with the challenge of handling such claims, which is why the insurance should be updated to cover damages in a collective action in the event of data protection breaches. GDPR General Data Protection Regulation protection Insurances breach insurance Class action lawsuit terms and conditions Personal data Personal data protection Registered Privacy protection Insurance coverage sum insured Damages compensation Tort law Material damages Immaterial damages Violation Economic loss Insurance company European Union Personal Data Act Data integrity Confidentiality Confidentiality protection Information protection Personal data protection Insurance contract Liability for damages Data controller DPO Data processor Compensation for damages Claim for damages Insurance coverage Principles Data protection principles Compliance Insurance compensation Tort law Regulation Directive Law Swedish Authority for Privacy Protection Data protection officer European Data Protection Board Article 29 workgroup Article Article 82 Data controller responsibility Sanctions Administrative fines Data Protection Directive Artikel 82 GDPR Dataskydd Försäkring Försäkringar Databrottsförsäkring Grupptalan Försäkringsvillkor Personuppgift Personuppgifter Personuppgiftsskydd Registrerad Registrerade Integritetsskydd Försäkringsbelopp Skadestånd Skadeståndslag Materiell Immateriell Kränkning Förmögenhetsskada Försäkringsbolag Dataskyddsförordningen EU Personuppgiftslag Dataintegritet Sekretess Sekretessskydd Informationsskydd Personuppgiftsskydd Försäkringsavtal Skadeståndsskyldighet Skadeståndsansvar Personuppgiftsansvarig Personuppgiftsbiträde Skadeståndsersättning Skadeståndskrav Försäkringsskydd Principer Dataskyddsprinciper Regelefterlevnad Försäkringsersättning Skadeståndslagen Förordning Direktiv Lag Integritetsskyddsmyndigheten IMY Dataskyddsombud Data EDPB Artikel 82 Personuppgiftsansvar Sanktioner Sanktionsavgifter Dataskyddsdirektivet DPO Artikel 82 GDPR Artikel 82 Europeiska unionen Law and Society Juridik och samhälle
220	Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial services Perlman, Leon Joseph 11 1900 (has links) The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked, underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones. Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’ services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’ services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services are provided through ‘agents.’ Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile ‘airtime’-based Store of Value. The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed, in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’ An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be deemed ‘money’ in law. Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in South African law is discussed. The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is recommended for protection of user funds. \| vi / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LLD Agents Airtime transfer Airtime -based SOV Allocation of loss Allocation of risk Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Aristotle Australian school Auto-subscription Banks Banks Act Bilateral Juristic Act Bottom of Pyramid Branchless Banking BSD Business of banking Cash-In /Cash out Central Bank Claim school Competition Commission Condictiones Consumer protection Consumer Protection Act (CPA) Contract law Convergence CTF Dedicated Banks Bill Delict Regulatory philosophies Deposits Deposit-taking Directives Dodd-Frank Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic money (e-money) Electronic Money Directive (EMD) European Union (EU) FA Mann Fiat Fiat-based SOV FICA Financial inclusion Financial literacy Foley v Hill Hacking ICASA Kenya KYC Legal capacity m-Banking Means of exchange Means of payment MFS MFSP Miller v Race Minors MNO Mobile Banking (m-Banking Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) Mobile Financial Services (MFS) Mobile Financial Service Provider (MFSP) Mobile Financial Services Provide (MFSP) Mobile Network Operator (MNO) Mobile payments Mobile payments (m-Payments) Mobile purse Mobile wallet Money Money Laundering (ML) m-Payments m-pesa National Consumer Commission National Payment System National Payment System Act (NPSA) Non-Banks NPSA Orthodox school Oversight Payment instrument Payments law Pooled accounts Position paper Proportional regulation Prudential Regulation PSD PSPL PSRA Redeemable funds Regulator's dilemma Regulatory capture Remittances (RICA) (South Africa) Security SIM Card SIPS South African Reserve Bank SOV Specie Store of Value (SOV) Stored Value Account (SVA) Subscriber Supervison Systemic risk Telecommunications Transformational banking Trust accounts Unbanked Underserved Underbanked Unit of account United Dominions Trust (UDT) Unjustified enrichment USA Value Added Services (VAS) Wallet WASP WASPA Additive banking Regulatory arbitrage 346.82120680285 Banks and banking, mobile --South Africa

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