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31	Effekten av 10 veckors styrketräning på markörer för hypertrofi, translation och proteolys Väisänen, Daniel January 2016 (has links) Det har forskats mycket på olika signalvägar i det mänskliga genomet, trotts detta finns det många frågetecken som kvarstår. Denna uppsats undersöker några av dem. Syfte: Undersöka förändringar i genuttryck och mRNA-nivåer för hypertrofi- (MRF4) translations- (5.8S & 18S) och proteolysreglerande gener (MuRF1 & GDF-8) efter en 10 veckor lång styrketräningsperiod hos kvinnor och män. Frågeställningar: (1) Finns det en förändring i total mängd RNA före och efter en 10 veckors styrketräningsintervention. (2) Finns det en förändring i uttryck av MRF4, 5.8S, 18S, MuRF1 samt GDF-8 efter en 10 veckors styrketräningsintervention. (3) Finns det en könsskillnad i förändringen av total mängd RNA samt aktivering av MRF4, 5.8S, 18S, MuRF1 och GDF-8 efter en 10 veckors styrketräningsintervention. Metod: Urvalet för analysen bestod av 16 otränade försökspersoner varav 8 var män och 8 var kvinnor. Försökspersonerna utförde unilateral styrketräning av nedre extremiteten under 10 veckor, under 2 av dessa veckor utfördes ocklusionsträning. Träningsperiodiseringen var vågformig (70-90% av 1RM, 5-12 rep, 3 ggr/vecka). Muskelbiopsier togs i det arbetande benet före träningsperiodens start samt 3-7 dagar efter träningsperiodens avslut. Genuttryck analyserades med qPCR. Resultat: Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i förändring mellan män och kvinnors totala RNA eller genuttryck. Total RNA ökade signifikant (p<0,01) med 19,2 %. Kvinnorna hade en signifikant ökning (P<0,05) av RNA på 27,6 % medan männen hade en signifikant ökning (p<0,05) på 14 %. MRF4 hade en signifikant (P>0,05) procentuell ökning i genuttryck med 55,7 % och kvinnor för sig hade en signifikant (P>0,05) ökning på 64 %. GDF-8 ökade signifikant (P>0,05) med 55,5 % medan GAPDH ökade signifikant (P>0,05) för båda könen tillsammans med 70,6 % och för män med 87,8 %. MuRF1 och 5.8S hade inga signifikanta förändringar i genuttryck. Slutsats: Det verkar som att både män och kvinnor får en liknande procentuell förändring av total RNA och mRNA genuttryck 3-7 dagar efter en 10 veckors hypertrofistyrd styrketräningsperiod. För att mäta genuttryck av translationsgenen MRF4 verkar 3-7 dagar efter en 10 veckors styrketräningsperiod vara en tidpunkt då det fortfarande pågår hypertrofi av skelettmuskulaturen. Av de proteolysreglerande generna GDF-8 och MuRF1 sågs en uppreglering av GDF-8 vilket skulle kunna vara ett tecken på att hypertrofin börjar hämmas. Ett oväntat fynd var att GAPDH visade sig vara olämplig som kontrollgen vid en styrketräningsintervention på 10 veckor och att 18S var väldigt stabil. Detta kan betyda att GAPDH inte skall användas vid längre styrketräningsinterventioner. / There have been much research on signaling pathways in the human genome, but there still remain many questions. This paper examines some of them. Aim: Investigate changes in gene expression and mRNA levels of hypertrophy (MRF4), translation (5.8S & 18S) and proteolysis regulating genes (GDF-8) after a 10-week strength training period in men and women. Research questions: (1) Is there a change in the total amount of RNA before and after a 10-week strength training intervention. (2) Is there a change in the expression of MRF4, 5.8S, 18S, Murf1 and GDF-8 after 10 weeks of strength training. (3) Is there a gender difference in the change of total RNA and the expression of MRF4, 5.8S, Murf1 and GDF-8 after a 10-week long strength training intervention. Method: The sample for analysis consisted of 16 untrained subjects, of whom 8 were men and 8 were women. The subjects performed unilateral resistance training of lower extremities for 10 weeks, during two of these weeks blood flow restriction training were performed. The training was undulating (70-90% of 1RM, 5-12 cord, 3 times / week). Muscle biopsies were taken from the working leg before the start and 3-7 days after the training period. Gene expression was analyzed by qPCR. Results: There was no significant gender difference in total RNA or gene expression. Total RNA was significantly increased (p <0.01) with 19.2 %. The women had a significant increase (P <0.05) of RNA at 27.6 %, while the men had a significant increase (p <0.05) at 14 %. MRF4 had a significant (P> 0.05) percentage increase in gene expression by 55.7 %, and women had a significant (P> 0.05) increase of 64 %. GDF-8 increased significantly (P> 0.05) with 55.5 %, while GAPDH increased significantly (P> 0.05) for both sexes with 70.6 % and for men with 87.8 %. Murf1 and 5.8S had no significant changes in gene expression. Conclusions: It seems that both men and women experience a similar percentage difference of total RNA and mRNA gene expression 3-7 days after a 10 weeks long strength training period. To measure the gene expression of MRF4 3-7 days after a 10-week weight-training period seems to be a time when there still is a anabolic responses in the skeletal muscle. Of the proteolysis regulating genes GDF-8 and Murf1 there was an upregulation of GDF-8, which could be a sign that the inhibition of hypertrophy started. An unexpected finding is that GAPDH was found to be unsuitable as a control gene at a strength training intervention at 10 weeks and rRNA 18S was very stable, which could mean that GAPDH should not be used as control gene in longer strength training studies. GAPDH MRF4 RNA DNA 18S 5.8S Murf1 murf-1 GDF-8 myostatin gens gen proteolysis hypertrophy translationq PCR PCR real time pcr GAPDH MRF4 RNA DNA 18S 5.8S Murf1 murf-1 GDF-8 myostatin gener gen proteolys translation hypertrofi biokemi qPCR PCR real time pcr
32	The Effect of Interactive Selection on Personalized Drug Prediction Using Interactomes : Examination of Parameters Impacting Drug Treatment Rankings from Network Models for Covid-19 Patients / Personlig läkemedelsprediktion och inverkan av interaktivt urvalgenom användning av interaktom : Undersökning av olika parametrars påverkan påläkemedelsrekommendationer från nätverksmodeller för patienter med Covid-19 Torell, Cornelia January 2023 (has links) Patients not responding to therapy as expected is one of the most pressing healthcare concerns of today. It causes economical, medical and societal issues along with suffering for patients. This project aimed to address this problem and evaluate how to find the best suited drug treatments for individual patients to treat Covid-19. This project was carried out in collaboration with the company AB Mavatar, that have two networks, one experimental and one predicted, which produce drug treatment rankings differently. Different methods are used to connect drug targets to disease associated genes and thus evaluate what drugs are best suited for specific patients to treat Covid-19. The aim of this project is to examine how network, method and drug category affect the ranking of a drug treatment for four mapped Covid-19 patients. Which drug category a drug belongs to did not seem to significantly affect the drug ranking. Yet, certain drug subcategories were closely correlated. However, these subcategories were not those that are typically associated with Covid-19. The method used to connect drug targets to disease associated genes heavily impacts the ranking of the drug treatment. The methods should be further evaluated to see if some should be excluded or weighted less in drug ranking calculations. The two networks are similar in how they rank different drugs, especially in severely ill patients. Through this project and the evaluation of the impact of method choice, one can start to figure out what should be prioritized among disease related changes. Also, important parameters for personalized treatment can be evaluated. / Patienter som inte svarar på terapi som förväntat är en av de största utmaningarna inom hälso- och sjukvård idag. Det orsakar ekonomiska, medicinska och samhälleliga problem samt lidande för patienter. Det här projektet adresserade detta problem och evaluerade hur man kan hitta det bäst lämpade läkemedlet för specifika patienter för att behandla Covid-19. Projektet gjordes tillsammans med företaget AB Mavatar, som har två interaktom, en experimentell och en datadriven, som rangordnar läkemedelsrekommendationer på olika sätt. Olika metoder används för att koppla samman läkemedelsmål med sjukdomsrelaterade gener och således evaluera vilka läkemedel som är bäst lämpade för specifika patienter för behandling av Covid-19. Syftet med projektet var att undersöka hur nätverk, metod och läkemedelskategori påverkar hur läkemedel rangordnas för fyra kartlagda Covid-19-patienter. Vilken läkemedelskategori ett läkemedel tillhör tycks inte märkbart påverka läkemedelsrangordning. Trots detta var vissa läkemedelsunderkategorier nära korrelerade. Dock var dessa underkategorier inte typiskt associerade med Covid-19. Metoden för att koppla samman läkemedelsmål med sjukdomsassocierade gener påverkade läkemedelsrangordningen väsentligt. Metoderna borde dock evalueras ytterligare för att eventuellt exkludera eller vikta vissa mindre i uträkningar av läkemedelsrang. De två nätverken är lika i hur de rangordnar olika läkemedel, särskilt för svårt sjuka patienter. Genom detta projekt och genom evaluering av metodvalets påverkan kan man börja begripa hur man borde priorita bland sjukdomsrelaterade förändringar. Dessutom kunde viktiga parametrar inom personlig behandling evalueras. Precision Medicine Pharmacogenomics Biomarkers Covid-19 Digital Twins Network Modeling Interactomes Protein-Protein Interaction Networks Differentially Expressed Genes Principal Coordinate Analysis Precisionsmedicin Farmakogenetik Biomarkörer Covid-19 Digitala tvillingar Nätverksmodellering Interaktom Proteininteraktionsnätverk Sjukdomsrelaterade gener Principalkoordinatanalys Medical Engineering Medicinteknik
33	Gemensamma Symboliska Beteenden Och Interaktioner Mellan Neanderthalare Och H. Sapiens Karlsson, Julia January 2022 (has links) The behaviours that the Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens had in common could have made their interaction more advanced and deeper. Ever since Richard E. Green et al’s discovery in 2010 that a lot of the modern day population have inherited about 1-4 % of the genome from Neanderthals, the assumption that Neanderthals are primitive beings lacking advanced cognition has changed. For H. Sapiens to interbreed with Neanderthals one could argue that they could not have been that dissimilar. Since the modern day population inherited parts of the Neanderthals it could be very interesting to bring more insight into how their relationship and interaction would have looked in relation to H. Sapiens. In this thesis some behaviours will be analysed and compared that existed among them both. In this remark it will be about behaviors of a symbolic nature, indicating a more advanced thinking. These are the usage of personal ornaments, the burial practice, and lastly language and speech. The personal ornaments they used are in some instances very similar, but there is also variation in what they put value in as personal ornaments, later H. Sapiens put a lot of energy into making beads of different types, and Neanderthals having a focus on birds of prey. The burial practice is in general nothing that is too common among either of them during the middle palaeolithic or African Middle stone age. Before the upper palaeolithic there is not too much evidence indicating that they had a tradition of burying their dead. In cases they did bury their dead there is evidence of places with multiple burials, maybe working as grave centers. The anatomical capacities for speech existed among them both. When it comes to language it is harder to discern, since it does not fossilise, but since language is symbolic it could be argued that evidence of symbolism among them could indicate that they had language as well. In the discussion and conclusions it is argued that these common behaviours could have made it possible for a more advanced interaction and relationship between the two. Interactions interaction Homo Neanderthalensis H. Neanderthalensis Neanderthals Neanderthal Relationship grave material Gravepractise personal ornaments language speech language capabilities genome neanderthal genome neandertal genome DNA genetic Symbolism symboliskt tänkande arkeologi interaktioner människoarter neanderthalare neandertalare moderna människor anatomiskt moderna människor h. sapiens homo sapiens homo sapiens sapiens gravskick gravpraxis personliga ornament smycken språk talmöjligheter talförmåga tal relationer gener arv släktskap genom DNA NeandertalDNA Neandertalgenom arvsmassa från neandertalare arvsmassa Social Sciences Interdisciplinary Archaeology Arkeologi
34	From Snow White to Frozen : An evaluation of popular gender representation indicators applied to Disney’s princess films / Från Snövit till Frost : En utvärdering av populära könsrepresentations-indikatorer tillämpade på Disneys prinsessfilmer Nyh, Johan January 2015 (has links) Simple content analysis methods, such as the Bechdel test and measuring percentage of female talk time or characters, have seen a surge of attention from mainstream media and in social media the last couple of years. Underlying assumptions are generally shared with the gender role socialization model and consequently, an importance is stated, due to a high degree to which impressions from media shape in particular young children’s identification processes. For young girls, the Disney Princesses franchise (with Frozen included) stands out as the number one player commercially as well as in customer awareness. The vertical lineup of Disney princesses spans from the passive and domestic working Snow White in 1937 to independent and super-power wielding princess Elsa in 2013, which makes the line of films an optimal test subject in evaluating above-mentioned simple content analysis methods. As a control, a meta-study has been conducted on previous academic studies on the same range of films. The sampled research, within fields spanning from qualitative content analysis and semiotics to coded content analysis, all come to the same conclusions regarding the general changes over time in representations of female characters. The objective of this thesis is to answer whether or not there is a correlation between these changes and those indicated by the simple content analysis methods, i.e. whether or not the simple popular methods are in general coherence with the more intricate academic methods. / <p>Betyg VG (skala IG-VG)</p> Disney princesses Disney princesses gender Bechdel Bechdel test Walt Disney Pixar Frozen children girl culture gender representations talk time talktime gendertimer equality content analysis female feminism feminist gender role socialization model gender role socialization model passive domestic active media post-feminist gender role portrayals key measures popular nature or nurture genes or environment gender differences expressions of gender gender experiments neurological brain plasticity constructivist cultivation theory social cognitive theory quantitative quantitative measures quantitative methods stereotypes stereotype stereotypical women character count biological sex biological gender metrics femininity textual analysis submissive submissive behaviour independence daddy's girl patriarchy patriarchal patriarchal approval wicked women old wicked women wicked witch male masculine masculine characteristics feminine characteristics genders marrying marriage love at first sight empowerment fairy tale fairy tales film movie films movies Mulan Pocahontas Snow White Snow White and the seven dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty Little Mermaid The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Tangled Brave Frozen The Princess and the Frog Merida relationship relationship formation true love true love's kiss sisterhood sisterly Grimm Grimm brothers parental approval matriarchal approval matriarchal matriarchy stereotyping evil queen rate rater rating measure measuring wicked stepmother binary gender gender binarity binary genders gender identities gender identity gender identity formation identity formation animation cell animation the Smurfette principle strong women strong girls girlie positivism positivistic film studies analysis analyses antagonism action coding cultivation effect cultivation effects socialization effect socialization effects coded content analysis simple metrics cognition theory connotations cultivation theory socialization theory depictions of femininity plasticity human brain damsels in distress feminist research inequality gender inequality media studies heroines mass media social media images of women woman as image reading interpretation modern day fairy tales Disney prinsessor Disneyprinsessor Disney-prinsessor kön genus genusvetenskap Bechdel Bechdel test Bechdeltest Bechdeltestet Walt Disney Pixar Frost barn flickor kulturuppväxt representationer skildringar intryck taltid talk time talktime gendertimer jämlikhet innehållsanalys feminin feminism könsroll könsroller socialisering socialiseringsmodellen passiv hushållsarbete aktiv media post-feministisk postfemininstisk nyckeltal populärvetenskaplig populärvetenskapligt naturen uppväxt eller gener gener eller upppväxt uppfostran genetik könsskillnader könsuttryck experiment hjärnan plasticitet konstruktivism kultivationsteori kognitiv teori kvantitativ kvantitativa mått kvantitativa metoder stereotyper stereotyp stereotypisk kvinnnor kvinna kön biologiskt kön mått nyckeltal femininitet textanalys filmanalys kuvad underkastad submissiv oberoende pappas flicka patriarkat patriarkisk patriarkalt godkännande manlig maskulin kön genus äktenskap kärlek vid första ögonkastet saga sagor bröderna Grimm film Mulan Pocahontas Snövit och de sju dvärgarna Askungen Törnrosa Den lilla Sjöjungfrun Skönheten och Odjuret Aladdin Trassel Modig Frost Prinsessan och Grodan Merida förhållanden sann kärlek Grimm matriark matriarkisk patriarkalt godkännande matriarkalt godkännande bedöma betygsätta mått mäta ond styvmor binära kön könsidentitet könsidentiteter animation Smurfan starka kvinnor starka flickor positivistisk positivism filmvetenskap filmstudier antagonism protagonist hjältinna kodning kultivationseffekten socialiseringseffekten socialisationseffekten kodad innehållsanalys förenklade mått kognitiv teori konnotationer konnotera feministisk forskning könsbalans mediastudier mediestudier massmedia social media bilder av kvinnor kvinnan som bild images of women woman as image reading interpretation modern day fairy tales tolkning

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